Part 3 — Anticipating and Controlling the Impacts on Jobs and Employment not set in stone: the division between the non-creative machine and the creative human is ever less clear-cut, which makes it difficult to attribute the shared fields. No occupation can assume itself safe from change because of these criteria. That said, they do throw down the broad outlines of the bottlenecks of automation and give an idea of the skills and abilities that need to be developed. What are these skills and abilities? Put simply, they fall into four categories: - cross-cutting cognitive skills (understanding language and numbers, ability to solve problems, etc.); - creative abilities; - social and situational skills (teamwork, independence, etc.); - precision abilities relating to perception and handling, which should not be overlooked, such as manual dexterity for example. Of course, these skills are not distributed equally among the working population and, although automation may affect all occupations across the board—even highly skilled ones which do not rely on cross-cutting skills—it will have a greater impact on low-skilled workers. For the COE, the most vulnerable jobs which are proportionally more represented relative to their share in total employment are usually manual, low- skilled occupations, particularly in industry, such as unskilled workers in the process industries, unskilled mechanical handling workers, unskilled workers in construction finishings, cleaning staff, unskilled mechanics, cashiers, etc. Breakdown of the most "exposed" jobs: the main occupations in terms of volume (where the automation index is at least 0.7), source: COE Number of jobs % jobs exposed exposed Cleaning staff 320,215 21.05% Skilled workers in the process 95,545 6.28% industries Unskilled mechanical handling 85,965 5.65% workers Unskilled workers in the process 83,304 5.48% industries Domestic helpers and home help 76,198 5.01% Cooks 70,306 4.62% Skilled mechanical handling workers 62,047 4.08% Market gardeners, gardeners, 49,875 3.28% vinegrowers 83